Force, pressure, energy, work, capacity

🧲 Force – Full description

Force is the ability of an object to change its position or motion. It can be either Push or Pull.

📌 Definition

A cause that changes an object's state of rest or state of motionForceis

🧮 Key formula

Force (F) = Mass (m) × Acceleration (a)

• ✔ F = Force (Newton)
• ✔ m = mass (kg)
• ✔ a = acceleration (m/s²)

💡 Types of key

• ✔ Contact Force
• ✔ Non-contact Force

👉 Contact Key

• ✔ Friction
• ✔ Push / Pull key

👉 Contactless Key

• ✔ Gravitational Force
• ✔ Magnetic Force
• ✔ Electrostatic Force

📊 Example

Mass of an object = 2 kg, acceleration = 3 m/s²

F = m × a = 2 × 3 =6 Newton

🔄 Key concepts

• ✔ Movement is unchanged without force
• ✔ The greater the force, the greater the acceleration
• ✔ Newton's laws explain force

📏 Important notes

• ✔ SI unit → Newton (N)
• ✔ F = m × a is important
• ✔ Push / Pull = Force

🌊 Pressure – Full explanation

Pressure is the amount of force acting on a surface. It varies according to area.

📌 Definition

The force acting on a surface is the quantity divided by the surface areaPressureis

🧮 Key formula

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

• ✔ P = Pressure
• ✔ F = Force (Newton)
• ✔ A = Area (m²)

💡 SI unit

• ✔ Pascal (Pa)
• ✔ 1 Pascal = 1 N/m²

📊 Example

Force = 10 N, Area = 2 m²

P = 10 / 2 =5 pascals

🔄 Key concepts

• ✔ Less area → more pressure
• ✔ If surface area increases → pressure decreases
• ✔ Same force gives different pressure in different area

🌍 Types of stress

• ✔ Atmospheric Pressure
• ✔ Liquid Pressure
• ✔ Gas Pressure

📏 Important notes

• ✔ P = F / A
• ✔ Unit → Pascal
• ✔ If the area is less, the pressure is more

⚡ Energy – Full description

Energy is the ability of an object to do work. Energy is necessary for any action to take place.

📌 Definition

Ability to work on an objectEnergycalled

🧮 Key formula

1️⃣ Kinetic Energy

KE = 1/2 × m × v²

2️⃣ Potential Energy

PE = m × g × h

• ✔ m = mass (kg)
• ✔ v = velocity (m/s)
• ✔ g = gravitational force (9.8 m/s²)
• ✔ h = height (m)

💡 Types of energy

• ✔ Kinetic Energy
• ✔ Potential Energy
• ✔ Heat Energy
• ✔ Electrical Energy
• ✔ Light Energy

📊 Example

m = 2 kg, v = 4 m/s

KE = 1/2 × 2 × 4² = 1 × 16 =16 joules

🔄 Key concepts

• ✔ Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
• ✔ Change from one shape to another
• ✔ Energy conservation law is important

📏 SI unit

• ✔ Joule (J)

💼 Work (Work) – full description

Work is the work done when a force acts on an object and it is displaced.

📌 Definition

If a force acts on an object and it moves a distanceWorkis said to have taken place.

🧮 Key formula

Work (W) = Force (F) × Distance (d)

• ✔ W = Work
• ✔ F = Force (Newton)
• ✔ d = distance (meter)

💡 SI unit

• ✔ Joule (J)
• ✔ 1 Joule = 1 N × 1 m

📊 Example

Force = 10 N, distance = 5 m

W = 10 × 5 =50 joules

🔄 Types of work

• ✔ Positive Work
• ✔ Negative Work
• ✔ Zero Work

👉 Positive Work

If the force and displacement are in the same direction

👉 Negative Work

If the force and displacement are in opposite directions

👉 Zero Work

If there is no displacement (d = 0)

📏 Important notes

• ✔ Work = Force × Distance
• ✔ Unit → Joule
• ✔ There is no work without Force

⚡ Power – Full description

Efficiency refers to how fast a job is done. It means the amount of work done per unit time.

📌 Definition

The amount of work done by an object per unit timePowercalled

🧮 Key formula

Power (P) = Work (W) / Time (t)

• ✔ P = Capacity
• ✔ W = Work (Joule)
• ✔ t = time (second)

💡 Alternative formula

P = Force × Velocity

📏 SI unit

• ✔ Watt (W)
• ✔ 1 Watt = 1 Joule / second

📊 Example

Work = 100 Joule, Time = 10 second

P = 100 / 10 =10 watts

🔄 Key concepts

• ✔ High efficiency if working at high speed
• ✔ Increase efficiency by working in less time
• ✔ Power shows the working speed

⚙️ Other units

• ✔ Horsepower (HP)
• ✔ 1 HP = 746 Watt

📌 Important notes

• ✔ P = W / t
• ✔ Unit → Watt
• ✔ More Speed ​​→ More Power