Thanimangal - elements

🧪 Elements (Thanimangal / Elements) – Full explanation

Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atoms. They cannot be broken down chemically into other simple substances.

📘 Definition of element

A substance composed of atoms of the same type and which cannot be divided into simpler substances is called an element.

🔬 Atom

An atom is the smallest unit of an element. Each element has unique atoms.

⚡ Types of elements

1. Metals

• ✔ Conducts electricity and heat
• ✔ Luminosity
• ✔ Example: Iron, Copper, Gold

2. Non-Metals

• ✔ Does not conduct electricity
• ✔ Does not flash
• ✔ Example: Oxygen, Nitrogen

3. Intermediate Elements (Metalloids)

• ✔ Metal + Metal properties
• ✔ Example: Silicone

🧪 Elements – Periodic Table – Full explanation

Periodic Table is a list of all the elements. A table showing their arrangement based on their atomic number.

Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to create this table. Later it was changed to Modern Periodic Table.

📊 Structure of Season Table

• ✔ Sequences → Periods – 7
• ✔ Columns → Groups – 18

⚡ Key classification

• ✔ Metals – Left side
• ✔ Non-metals – Right side
• ✔ Intermediate Elements (Metalloids) – Intermediate

🔬 Major groups

• ✔ Group 1 – Alkali Metals
• ✔ Group 2 – Alkaline earth metals
• ✔ Group 17 – Halogens
• ✔ Group 18 – Noble Gases

📈 Seasonal Trends

• ✔ Atomic Size → Decreases from left to right
• ✔ Electronegativity → increases
• ✔ Metallic nature → increases going down

📋 Some important elements

“How many groups?”, “How many seasons?”, “Who is Mendeleev?” in TNPSC exams. Questions like Frequently asked questions from this topic.

Therefore, periodic table is a very important basic topic in chemistry.

⚗️ Compounds (Sermangal / Compounds) – Full Description

Compounds are two or more elements. Pure substances that combine chemically in a fixed ratio.

📘 Definition of compound

Two or more elements joined by chemical bonds, The formation of a substance with new properties is called a compound.

🔬 Key features

• ✔ There are permanent rates
• ✔ Properties of elements change and new properties are formed
• ✔ Can only be separated chemically

🧪 Examples

• ✔ Water (H₂O) – Hydrogen + Oxygen
• ✔ Salt (NaCl) – Sodium + Chlorine
• ✔ Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

⚡ Types of compounds

1. Ionic Compounds

• ✔ Formed by charged ions
• ✔ Eg: NaCl

2. Covalent Compounds

• ✔ Formed by sharing electrons
• ✔ Ex: H₂O

📊 Compounds vs Compounds

💡 Apps

• ✔ Medicines
• ✔ Food
• ✔ Industries
• ✔ Agriculture

TNPSC Exams include “What is a compound?”, “What is H₂O?”, “What are species?” Questions like Frequently asked questions from this topic.

Therefore, compounds are a very important fundamental topic in chemistry.

⚗️ Mixtures (Kalavaigal / Mixtures) – Full description

Mixtures are two or more substances Physical combination is the material formed by mixing. The components in it retain their unique properties.

📘 Definition of composition

A substance formed by mixing two or more substances without chemical change is called a compound.

🔬 Key features

• ✔ Variable Ratio
• ✔ Components can be separated individually
• ✔ No chemical change
• ✔ Properties of components do not change

⚡ Types of compounds

1. Homogeneous Mixture

• ✔ Same look
• ✔ Components are not clear
• ✔ Eg: salt water, sugar water

2. Heterogeneous Mixture

• ✔ Components are clearly visible
• ✔ Disjoint structure
• ✔ Ex: Sand + Water

🧪 Methods of separation of compounds

• ✔ Filtration
• ✔ Evaporation
• ✔ Distillation
• ✔ Magnetic separation

📊 Compound vs Compound

💡 Apps

• ✔ Food preparation
• ✔ Medicines
• ✔ Industries
• ✔ Daily life

“What is composition?”, “What are types?”, “Homogeneous example?” in TNPSC exams. Questions like Frequently asked questions from this topic.

Therefore, compounds are a fundamental and important topic in chemistry.

🔩Metals (Ulogam / Metals) – Full Description

Metals are luminescent, conductive of electricity and heat are important elements. These are often hard and strong.

📘 Definition of metals

Good conductor of electricity and heat, luminous and easily deformable The elements are called metals.

⚡ Properties of metals

• ✔ Luster
• ✔ Conducts electricity
• ✔ Conductive of heat
• ✔ Malleable
• ✔ Ductile

🧪 Examples

• ✔ Iron
• ✔ Copper
• ✔ Gold
• ✔ Silver

🔥 Types of metals

• ✔ Crude Metals (Ferrous):Contains iron
• ✔ Non-Ferrous Metals:Iron free

⚗️ Chemical properties of metals

• ✔ Oxide is formed along with oxygen
• ✔ Reacts with acids to release hydrogen
• ✔ Some metals react with water

💡 Apps

• ✔ Construction
• ✔ Electrical wires
• ✔ Vehicles
• ✔ Jewelery

“What is metal?”, “What are the properties?”, “Examples?” in TNPSC exams. Questions like Frequently asked questions from this topic.

Therefore, metals are a very important fundamental topic in chemistry.

⚗️ Alogam / Non-Metals – Full Description

Non-Metals are non-conductors of electricity and heat. Non-luminous and generally soft elements. They have the opposite properties of metals.

📘 Definition of metals

Non-conductive of electricity and heat, non-luminous and brittle Elements are called metals.

⚡ Properties of metals

• ✔ Non-lustrous
• ✔ Does not conduct electricity
• ✔ Does not conduct heat
• ✔ Brittle
• ✔ Cannot be bent and changed

🧪 Examples

• ✔ Oxygen
• ✔ Nitrogen
• ✔ Carbon
• ✔ Sulfur

⚗️ Chemical properties

• ✔ Oxides are acidic in nature
• ✔ Combines with metals to form compounds
• ✔ Electron gain

💡 Apps

• ✔ Oxygen – for respiration
• ✔ Carbon – fuel and biology
• ✔ Nitrogen – Preparation of fertilizers
• ✔ Sulfur – Medicines and Chemistry

📊 Metal vs Metal

“What is metal?”, “What are the properties?”, “Examples?” in TNPSC exams. Questions like Frequently asked questions from this topic.

Therefore, metals are a very important fundamental topic in chemistry.